Experts Warn Debt May Threaten
Economy
AP/Yahoo News
By ROBERT TANNER AP National Writer Sat Aug 27
You owe $145,000. And the bill is rising every day. That's how much it would
cost every American man, woman and child to pay the tab for the long-term
promises the U.S. government has made to creditors, retirees, veterans and the
poor.
And it's not even taking into account credit card bills, mortgages —
all the debt we've racked up personally. Savings? The average American puts
away barely $1 of every $100 earned.
Our profligate ways at home are mirrored in Washington and in the global
marketplace, where as a society America spends $1.9 billion more a day on
imported clothes and cars and gadgets than the entire rest of the world spends
on its goods and services.
A new Associated Press/Ipsos poll finds that barely a third of Americans
would cut spending to reduce the federal deficit and even fewer would raise
taxes.
If those figures seem out of whack to you, if they seem to cut against the
way you learned to handle money, if they seem like a recipe for a national
economic nightmare — well, then, at least you're not alone.
A chorus of economists, government officials and elected leaders both
conservative and liberal is warning that America's nonstop borrowing has put
the nation on the road to a major fiscal disaster — one that could
unleash plummeting home values, rocketing interest rates, lost jobs, stagnating
wages and threats to government services ranging from health care to law
enforcement.
David Walker, who audits the federal government's books as the U.S.
comptroller general, put it starkly in an interview with the AP:
"I believe the country faces a critical crossroad and that the decisions
that are made — or not made — within the next 10 years or so will
have a profound effect on the future of our country, our children and our
grandchildren. The problem gets bigger every day, and the tidal wave gets
closer every day."
Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan echoed those worries just last week,
warning that the federal budget deficit hampered the nation's ability to absorb
possible shocks from the soaring trade deficit and the housing boom. He
criticized the nation's "hesitancy to face up to the difficult choices that
will be required to resolve our looming fiscal problems."
Certainly, there are those who feel such comments bring to mind the
preachers who predict the end of the world at a specific time and place, and
have always been wrong. And undeniably, borrowing isn't all bad — easy
access to money has been a critical tool in building America's businesses, from
mom-and-pops to multinationals.
But something has changed. More than two centuries ago, Benjamin Franklin
warned: "He that goes aborrowing, goes asorrowing." Now, a laugh-til-you-cry
commercial portrays a man with a beautiful home and car declaring: "I'm in debt
up to my eyeballs. I can barely pay my finance charges. Somebody help me."
The epidemic of American indebtedness runs from home to government to global
marketplace. To examine it, let's start at home.
Americans used to save, but no longer. Back in the 1950s, a generation of
Americans who had survived the Depression and Second World War saved roughly 8
percent of their income. The savings rate rose and fell slightly over the
decades — it went as high as 11 percent and as low as 7 percent during
the "greed is good" 1980s — but now those days are only a memory.
In the charge-everything start of the new millennium, savings have
plummeted: to just 1.8 percent last year, below 1 percent since January and at
zero in the latest estimate from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The lack of savings is mirrored by a rise in debt. In 2000, household debt
broke 18 percent of disposable income for the first time in 20 years, meaning
debt eats almost $1 in every $5 American families have to spend after they get
past the bills that keep them fed and housed. (That figure hasn't dropped.
Credit card debt alone averages $7,200 per household.)
Many people take comfort in the rising value of their homes, and its spurred
record home-building and buying, with new construction making places like Las
Vegas the fastest-growing in the nation. But a home translates into wealth only
when you sell it — and there's a vigorous debate over whether the housing
boom is becoming a bubble that will burst.
"It seems like, with the younger generation, that they want to have now what
it took us years to get," says Jo Canelon, a 46-year-old social worker in
Statenville, Ga.
"I see people younger than me with comparable jobs that drive new vehicles
and have a boat and mortgage and things," says Canelon, who responded to the
AP/Ipsos poll. "And I just wonder about their debt."
Canelon sees echoes in the rise of obesity: a pervasive I-want-it-now
attitude no matter what the consequences. To her, debt's a symptom of disease,
and one that's spreading.
If she's right, the government is sick, too.
Leaders are elected by the people they serve, of course, and the American
people seem to want the best of both worlds — tax cuts and government
services — while they hope the dollars sort themselves out. They worry
about the nation's problems, but not enough to agree on a course of action to
fix them.
The AP/Ipsos poll of 1,000 adults taken July 5-7 found that a sweeping
majority — 70 percent — worried about the size of the federal
deficit either "some" or "a lot."
But only 35 percent were willing to cut government spending and experience a
drop in services to balance the budget. Even fewer — 18 percent —
were willing to raise taxes to keep current services. Just 1 percent wanted to
both raise taxes and cut spending. The poll has a margin of error of 3
percentage points.
The nation's political leaders could hardly be said to have a mandate
calling for fiscal responsibility.
A few years ago, government finances were the strongest they've been in a
generation. Then came a turnaround — and a stunningly quick one. The
budget surplus of $236 billion in 2000 turned into a deficit of $412 billion
last year. The government had to borrow that much to cover the hole between
what it took in and what it had to spend; a difference that's called the
federal deficit.
Blame the bust of the dot-com boom, the ensuing recession, President Bush's
federal tax cuts, the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and the subsequent wars in
Afghanistan and Iraq.
Bush has gotten his share of brickbats, from both the right and the left,
for the spending while he's in office. Still, the federal deficit isn't as big
as it was in the worst of the years under President Reagan as a percentage of
the overall economy.
Some note things are getting better: The latest reports project a deficit of
$331 billion for 2005, nearly $100 billion less than expected. Outstanding debt
— the amount of securities and bonds that must be repaid — is far
below what it was in the early 1990s.
But bigger worries lie ahead.
The nation's three biggest entitlement programs — Social Security,
Medicare and Medicaid — make promises for retirement and health care (for
the elderly and the poor) which carry a huge price tag that balloons as the
population grows and ages.
Add it up: current debt and deficit, promises for those big programs,
pensions, veterans health care. The total comes to $43 trillion, says Walker,
the nation's comptroller general, who runs the Government Accountability
Office. That's where the $145,000 bill for every American, or $350,000 for
every full-time worker, comes from.
Simply hoping for good times to return won't erase numbers like that, Walker
says.
"There's no way we're going to grow our way out of our long-range fiscal
imbalance," he says, adding that the country must re-examine tax policy,
entitlement programs and the entire federal budget.
"I really do not believe the American people have a real idea as to where we
are and where we're headed, and what the potential implications are for the
country if we don't start making some tough decisions soon," he says.
The dangers are clear as day to Felicia Brown in Saginaw, Mich. To her, it's
the leaders who ignore them, she says.
"We're stealing from our children's future and our grandchildren's future,"
says the cashier and mother of three, who also responded to the AP/Ipsos poll.
"We're led off on this belief that we should buy, buy, buy. Everyone needs a
big house, everyone needs a new car every two years. We're spending all this
money on that, and we're not saving anything."
Some people, however — including economists — think the picture
isn't so gloomy.
Ben Bernanke, who recently left the Federal Reserve Board to serve as
President Bush's top economic adviser, has argued that the problem is not with
the United States. The trouble lies overseas, where people want to save rather
than spend their money. The key is to encourage other countries to spend and
invest more, he says, though he also believes that the federal budget needs to
be balanced.
By raising the issue of foreign investment, Bernanke touches on another area
that scares economists — America's inexhaustible desire for foreign
goods.
The trade deficit — the difference between what America imports and
what it exports — is the highest it's ever been, both in absolute numbers
and in comparison to the size of the economy.
As a society, Americans are on track this year to spend $680 billion more on
foreign goods such as Chinese-made clothes, Japanese-made cars and Scandinavian
cell phones than overseas buyers do on American goods. The crush of arriving,
Asian-made products recently spurred the Port of Los Angeles to switch to
24-hour operations.
Nearly two decades ago, the country fretted over a trade imbalance equal to
3.1 percent of the overall economy, or the gross domestic product. It's more
than twice as big now, roughly 6.5 percent.
Here's how economists, from former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker to
former Clinton Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin to analysts at the International
Monetary Fund, explain the danger: Americans, who go into debt to keep living a
life beyond their means, are spending more and more of that borrowed money to
buy goods from overseas.
At the same time, the government provides more services to the public than
it can afford to — and goes into debt to cover the cost.
Other nations actually purchase that debt, in the form of U.S. Treasury
bonds and notes. Those bonds have increasingly been snapped up not just by
private investors but by foreign banks. Japanese investors hold the most U.S.
debt, but China has been buying more than any other country in recent
months.
The biggest trade deficit is with China, too, at $162 billion. Japan is
next, at $75 billion.
In a very real sense, the U.S. economy is dependent on the central banks of
Japan, China and other nations to invest in U.S. Treasuries and keep American
interest rates down. The low rates here keep American consumers buying imported
goods.
But the lack of fiscal discipline in the United States is undermining the
value of the American dollar, thereby lowering the value of the U.S. Treasuries
in foreign banks. As the dollar's value drops, other nations' willingness to
keep investing cannot last, says Nouriel Roubini, an economics professor at New
York University.
If those banks reduced their dollar holdings or were simply less willing to
invest so much, it could spark a sharp fall in the value of the dollar. And
that could create a host of economic problems.
Economists and business leaders are closely watching China's decision last
month to uncouple the value of its currency, the yuan, from the dollar and tie
it instead to a basket of different currencies. The move could make the
dollar's position less exposed to a quick shift by international investors
— or it could spur those investors to look elsewhere and leave the United
States' position more precarious.
In the end, Roubini, Walker and others say, disaster is still avoidable, but
it's going to require the American people and the country's leaders to clean
financial house — to reduce the federal deficit and the trade deficit.
Global economics may drive some changes: if Japanese cars cost more, for
example, Americans may buy less-expensive GMs.
If not, the future poses some frightening what-ifs:
• What if the dollar plummets? Do stocks follow? How about
pensions?
• What if interest rates soar? How would all the new homeowners, who
stretched to buy with adjustable and interest-only loans, cover their
mortgages?
• How would consumers with record credit-card debt make their payments?
Would they stop buying? Stop taking vacations? What will happen if they go
bankrupt? New rules going into effect later this year make it harder on such
debtors.
• How would government, which depends on the taxes of a strong economy
to operate, keep all its promises?
Roubini says time is critical because the worse debt becomes, the more
vulnerable America is to shocks in the global economic systems — another
spike in oil prices, another major terrorist attack, another major military
conflict.
OK, now back to you. No one's asking you to write a check to cover that
$145,000, not yet. But the pressures are building around the world, in
Washington, and in America's homes to straighten out our finances or get ready
for a real mess.
"We're living beyond our means," Roubini says, "and we have to get our act
together."
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